Raman spectroscopy operates based on the method of scattering light inelastically by the bonds within a molecule. Microscopic imaging allows both the visualization of the sample surface and point and area analysis from the desired surface area. Additionally, our Raman system enables three-dimensional area mapping.

It is also equipped for complementary work with Atomic Force Microscopy.

Laser Wavelength: 532 nm
 

This device performs surface area and porosity measurements based on the physical adsorption technique with nitrogen (N2) gas at 77K using the Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET) method. Isotherms are obtained in the range of 0.01 – 0.9 P/P0.

The analysis results provide both single-point and multi-point BET surface area, total pore volume, and BJH pore size distribution values.
 

Thermal gravimetric analysis is generally used to determine the mass loss in materials with increasing temperature or over time at a specific temperature. The temperature range is from room temperature to 1200°C, and the analysis is conducted with nitrogen gas at a temperature increase rate determined according to the sample. 

DMA measures the viscoelastic properties of a sample by applying a specific frequency of force through the force arm to the material. When a load is applied to a material, deformation occurs. If the material is an ideal elastic material, the deformation disappears when the load is removed. Elastic deformation is directly proportional to the applied load and occurs immediately. However, in materials like polymers, deformation is non-linear and occurs with a delay. Viscous behavior is the opposite of elastic behavior. In an ideal viscous material, the rate of deformation is directly proportional to the applied load. Some materials, such as polymers, exhibit both elastic and viscous behavior and are called viscoelastic materials. DMA records temperature-dependent viscoelastic properties and determines the elastic modulus and damping coefficient by applying a controlled force to the sample. The analysis provides data such as glass transition temperature, storage modulus, and tan delta. Various analysis modes are performed, including Tension, Compression, 3-Point Bending, Shear, Single Cantilever, Dual Cantilever, and more.

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) operates with the Perkin Elmer axial-radial model serving as the plasma source atomizer, utilizing Argon gas as the plasma source.

Plasma is defined as a medium composed of cations and electrons that conduct electric current, also described as a gaseous ion flow. The plasma carries no net external charge, meaning the sum of negative charges is approximately equal to the sum of positive charges. Cations in the plasma are comprised of various species. For example, in an argon plasma, there are argon cations, electrons, and cations originating from vaporized atoms in the sample under analysis. The quantity of cations from vaporized sample atoms is generally less than that of argon cations and electrons.

To maintain a stable plasma, argon cations absorb energy to sustain the temperature of the environment at approximately 10,000 Kelvin. This temperature level is crucial for achieving the required ionization for a stable plasma.

In sample preparation, the sample is nebulized within an argon flow using a nebulizer, and the resulting very tiny droplets are transported to the plasma through a spray chamber. This ensures effective atomization of the sample.

The emission spectra unique to each element are passed through a dispersing spectrometer, and their intensities are monitored at their specific wavelengths using a light-sensitive CCD detector.

This data is processed and controlled by a computer system.

It is a fast technique that allows the simultaneous analysis of approximately 17 elements at trace, minor, and major concentration levels. It enables precise quantitative analysis, qualitative examination, and rapid measurement of trace elements in liquids. The determination of elements in the sample can range from parts per billion (ppb) to percentage (%).

**Sample Types:**
Samples can include water, wastewater, soil, food, and more.

**Measured Elements:**
The following elements can be measured:
- Al (Aluminum)
- B (Boron)
- Ba (Barium)
- Ca (Calcium)
- Cd (Cadmium)
- Co (Cobalt)
- Cr (Chromium)
- Cu (Copper)
- Fe (Iron)
- K (Potassium)
- P (Phosphorus)
- Mg (Magnesium)
- Mn (Manganese)
- Na (Sodium)
- Ni (Nickel)
- Pb (Lead)
- Zn (Zinc)